力Layer 1 The Autonomy Stack · self-powering

Energy. Fold-out PV, heat-first storage and a DC spine whose voltage itself enforces survival priorities.

7 subsystems26 projects28 papers28 numbers80 sources

L03 · concept visual · AI

力01 Thesis

A fully automated habitat energy layer is a PV-first DC microgrid that banks most surplus as heat, keeps a small cold-tolerant electrochemical floor for life safety, and lets forecast-driven control move deferrable loads (farm lighting, hot water, laundry) into sun hours. The non-obvious insight is that food, not people, dominates the load: one LED farm cassette (14–19 kWh/day) out-consumes a whole efficient 4-person home, and the vertical-farm insolvencies (Plenty Chapter 11, Bowery shutdown, Jones Food administration) show that electric-light food fails when its kWh are priced like storage. Shifting the crop photoperiod to PV hours, storing heat in water and sand at a fraction of battery cost, and encoding the priority ladder in bus voltage (so it survives controller failure) are all implementable with today's commodity hardware. Seasonal storage remains the honest gap: no home-scale technology approaches the ~$20/kWh threshold, so high-latitude sites need oversized PV, thermal mass and a declared backup.

14.4–19.2 vs about 14.5 kWh/day

One HATA-4 LED farm cassette vs a whole efficient 4-person home

calculatedconcept v3-concept

70 USD/kWh

Stationary battery pack price 2025 (-45% y/y)

reportedbnef2025

about 23 kWh_th

Heat banked in a 500 L tank across 40 K (about 8 kWh_e at COP 3)

calculatedv3-concept

Slab 1 of the stack · see all eight

Maturity of options assessed

commercial 15
pilot 5
experimental 4
speculative 0

Deep pageIRORI spine · 48–60 V DC, heat-first storage (3D)

力02 Subsystem explorer

How the energy layer works, option by option.

Each subsystem lists the technologies the research found, with maturity, an estimated technology readiness level and the numbers that matter. Hover a TRL bar for the reason behind it.

ENERGY-S1 · function

Generation (fold-out PV first, site bonuses second)

Convert on-site flux (sun, wind, water, heat) into DC on the habitat bus with the lowest kg and crew-minutes per kWh.

How it works

Crystalline-silicon PV converts photons above the 1.12 eV bandgap into electron-hole pairs; MPPT converters hold each string at its maximum-power voltage and feed the DC bus directly. Bifacial cells also collect ground-reflected light on the rear, so a vertical east-west fence peaks in morning and evening and sheds snow, flattening the daily curve the battery must bridge. Fold-out arrays (Miura/flasher geometries in space, rail or hinge racks in containers) trade a small packing-loss for deploy times of hours. Small wind and micro-hydro produce at night and in winter but are steeply site-specific (power scales with v^3 and head x flow), so they are measured-site bonuses, not baseline. On the Moon the same bus accepts a fission or regenerative-fuel-cell source.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

Fold-out rigid PV wings / container arrays

Rigid c-Si modules on hinged or rail racks that unfold from a transport envelope

40–160 kWp per container claimedMobile PV container portfolio range (HighJoule; only HJFoldSolar is described as foldable)mobilesolarcontainer
140 kWp claimedLargest portable Solarcontainer shown operatingyt-solarcontainer
4.5 kWp per 26.5 m² wing targetORIJO MIURA-W wing (v3)v3-concept

Best for desertsteppecoastrooftopmountain

Limits Wind loading and hinge fatigue; packing loss reduces kWp per m²; snow and dust need cleaning or tilt.

Container PV products (40–160 kWp per box) are sold and deployed; only the ORIJO Miura integration is new.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

Vertical bifacial E-W fence (BYOBU-PV)

Bifacial modules on vertical posts, faces east and west; doubles as windbreak and snow fence

up to +10 % per kWp; up to 1200 kWh/kWp claimedAnnual yield vs south-facing (Germany)next2sun
1.00 / 1.18 - measuredSugar-beet LER under vertical bifacial (2021/2022)reher2024

Best for steppearcticmountainfarm

Limits Needs rows spaced for machinery; lower peak power at noon; rear gain depends on albedo (snow helps, dark soil does not).

Next2Sun-class parks of MW scale operate in Germany/Austria; Belgian field trials measured crop LER.

COMMERCIALTRL 8

Elevated agrivoltaic canopy

PV raised above crops; partial shade lowers heat and water stress

160 / 186 % measuredHeggelbach land use efficiency 2017 / 2018fraunhofer2019
1285.3 kWh/kWp measuredHeggelbach specific yield 2018fraunhofer2019
33 / 46 % measuredWheat yield loss under elevated AV, Belgium 2022 / 2023reher2024

Best for steppedesertfarm

Limits Crop-specific: shade-tolerant crops win, cereals can lose 30–46%; costlier structure.

Heggelbach 194 kWp research plant ran multiple seasons; commercial build-out under way in DE/FR/IT.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

Small wind (HAWT on KRES-7 mast)

Rotor extracts kinetic energy, P = 0.5 rho A Cp v^3

up to 156 % measuredYield gain from tuning one locally built turbine (Scoraig trials)leary2020

Best for arcticcoastmountainsteppe

Limits Real-world output often deviates from manufacturer curves; maintenance of moving parts; ice; noise near guests.

Mature product class, but field yields vary widely from rated claims.

EXPERIMENTALTRL 5

Space fission (Kilopower / FSP)

HALEU or HEU fast/moderated core, sodium heat pipes to Stirling converters

1.5–5.0 kWt measuredKRUSTY thermal power rangekrusty2020
about 25 % measuredKRUSTY overall system efficiencykrusty2020
40 kWe, 10 yr, < 6000 kg - targetFSP requirementfsp-wiki

Best for lunar

Limits Regulatory, fuel, launch mass; 1 km+ separation from crew; radiator area.

KRUSTY (2018) was a one-off 28 h ground nuclear test of a prototype in a relevant environment (TRL 5); no flight-qualified or lunar-environment unit exists. FSP/LR-1 remains a design and procurement programme.

ENERGY-S2 · function

Electrochemical storage (daily and keep-alive)

Bridge the diurnal gap and carry life-safety loads through cold, dark or faulted periods.

How it works

LFP cells shuttle Li+ between graphite and an olivine FePO4 host; the flat voltage plateau and stable phosphate bond give long cycle life and low thermal-runaway risk, but charging below about 0 C plates lithium metal, so packs must live inside the heated envelope. Sodium-ion cells shuttle the larger Na+ ion into hard carbon; they retain capacity at -30 to -40 C and can be shipped at 0 V, which suits an unheated vestibule keep-alive bank. Iron-air (Form Energy) rusts and de-rusts iron pellets in alkaline electrolyte for about 100 h of discharge at very low energy cost but low round-trip efficiency, a grid-scale tool, not a home cabinet. A battery management system enforces cell voltage, temperature and current windows and reports state of charge to the energy manager.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

LFP stationary pack (48 V)

Li-ion, LiFePO4 cathode, graphite anode

70 USD/kWh reportedBNEF stationary-storage pack price 2025bnef2025
81 USD/kWh reportedBNEF average LFP pack price, all segments 2025bnef2025
115–254 USD/MWh reportedLazard 2025 LCOS, 100 MW / 4 h utility BESSlazard2025-pdf
547–860 USD/MWh reportedLazard 2025 LCOS, residential standalone 6 kW / 4 h (unsubsidized)lazard2025-pdf

Best for all (inside heated envelope)

Limits No charging below ~0 C; installed small-system cost is several times pack price; fire code clearances.

Global commodity; stationary pack price fell to $70/kWh in 2025.

COMMERCIALTRL 8

Sodium-ion pack

Na+ intercalation, hard-carbon anode, layered-oxide or polyanion cathode

175 Wh/kg claimedCATL Naxtra energy densitycatl-newatlas2026 sodium-wiki
> 90 % claimedCATL Naxtra capacity retention at -40 Ccatl-newatlas2026
about 30 % more expensive reportedNa-ion pack premium over LFP in 2025sodium-wiki
3.5 MWh reportedPeak Energy grid sodium-ion system, Watkins COpeak-pvmag2026

Best for arcticmountainunheated lockers everywhere

Limits Lower energy density; supply chain young; Natron Energy ceased operations in Sept 2025, so vendor risk is real.

CATL Naxtra in mass production for vehicles from 2025–2026; grid pilots (Peak Energy 3.5 MWh) operate; long-term field data still thin.

PILOTTRL 7

Iron-air (multi-day)

Reversible oxidation of iron to rust with air electrode

100 h claimedDischarge durationform-latitude2025 form-wiki
10 MW for up to 100 h each - reportedXcel projectsform-wiki
≤ 20 USD/kWh reportedLDES energy-capacity cost needed to cut system electricity cost ≥ 10% · modelled result in the cited studysepulveda2021

Best for grid-tied campuses, villages

Limits Bulky, low RTE (not disclosed by the company), utility-scale only; not suitable for a 1-jo cabinet.

First commercial units deployed to utilities in Oct 2025; no small-format product.

ENERGY-S3 · function

Thermal storage and heat pumps (bank surplus as heat)

Turn surplus PV into stored heat or cold at a fraction of electrochemical storage cost, and deliver comfort, hot water and process heat.

How it works

A heat pump moves heat uphill: a compressor raises the refrigerant pressure so it condenses (or, for transcritical CO₂, gas-cools) above the target temperature, delivering 2.5–4 units of heat per unit of electricity. Transcritical CO₂ has a gliding gas-cooler temperature that matches heating cold mains water to 65–90 C in one pass, ideal for a stratified tank. Sensible storage holds Q = m c dT: 300 L of water across 40 K stores about 14 kWh_th; sand or soapstone at 500–600 C holds far more per tonne and is charged by resistive heaters, then discharged through an air-to-water exchanger. Phase-change materials hold latent heat in a narrow temperature band and shrink the tank. Night-sky and daytime radiative surfaces dump heat to the 8–13 um atmospheric window with no compressor.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

CO₂ heat-pump water tank (default heat bank)

Transcritical R744 cycle into a stratified insulated tank

13.96 kWh_th calculatedHeat stored in 300 L tank across 40 Kv3-concept
about 23 kWh_th from about 8 kWh_e at COP about 3 calculatedv3 design value: 500 L tankv3-concept

Best for all except lunar

Limits COP falls in deep cold; tank losses; legionella regime needs periodic 60 C+.

Mass-market in Japan (Eco Cute class) and Europe; cold-region performance studied 2017–2025.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

Sand / soapstone high-temperature store

Resistive heating of a packed bed to 500–600 C, air-loop discharge

100 MWh / 1 MW - reportedPornainen storage / thermal powerpne-essnews2025
about 2000 t reportedStorage medium mass (crushed soapstone)pne-essnews2025
80–90 % claimedRound-trip efficiencypne-ie2026 pne-newatlas2025
70 % reportedNetwork emissions reduction after first yearpne-ie2026 pne-newatlas2025

Best for arcticforestmountainsteppe (heating-dominated)

Limits Heat only (electricity-out is uneconomic); small units lose a larger fraction per day (surface-to-volume); hot-surface safety.

Pornainen 1 MW / 100 MWh unit in district-heating service since June 2025 and through a severe winter.

COMMERCIALTRL 8

Industrial brick heat battery

Resistive heating of refractory brick to > 1000 C, steam or hot air out

100 MWh / 20 MW - reportedRondo unit capacity / onsite solarrondo-pvmag2025
> 97 % claimedRondo round-trip efficiencyrondo-pvmag2025

Best for campus or village heat

Limits Industrial scale; not a habitat appliance.

Rondo 100 MWh unit in daily automatic operation since Oct 2025.

PILOTTRL 7

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) and sky radiators

High solar reflectance + high 8–13 um emittance radiates to 3 K space

100–150 W/m² reportedTypical PDRC cooling powerpdrc-wiki
10–40 W/m² reportedTropical cooling potentialpdrc-wiki
71.6 / 643.4 W/m² measuredDual-mode cooling / heating power densityli2020
19.2 % reportedSimulated US heating+cooling saving with dual mode · modelled result in the cited studyli2020

Best for desertstepperooftop

Limits Humidity, cloud, dust and dew degrade output; overcooling in winter unless switchable (cf. v3 M10 FLIP-FOLD).

Commercial panels (SkyCool) demonstrated at a US Army base under ARPA-E; coatings on market; durability and humidity limits remain.

COMMERCIALTRL 8

PCM buffer on heat pump

Latent heat of a salt hydrate or paraffin melting near the supply temperature

Best for tight cores (KURA)

Limits Higher cost per kWh than water; subcooling and cycling stability; hard to read state of charge.

Packaged domestic PCM batteries are sold; load-shifting studies 2013–2026.

ENERGY-S4 · function

Long-duration and seasonal storage

Carry multi-day storms and the winter deficit at high latitude without diesel.

How it works

Seasonal storage needs energy-capacity cost near or below $20/kWh to pay off, because each kWh of capacity is cycled only a few times a year. Hydrogen splits water by electrolysis (about 50–55 kWh per kg H2 in practice, about 33 kWh LHV recoverable) and returns electricity through a fuel cell at roughly 50%, so round trip is about 30–40%, but tank capacity is cheap to add. Iron-based hydrogen storage stores H2 by reducing iron oxide and releases it by steam oxidation at low pressure. For habitats the cheapest seasonal 'store' is usually oversized PV plus curtailment, plus thermal mass and a demand ladder that defers non-essential loads.

PILOTTRL 7

PV-electrolyser-H2-fuel-cell house

Power-to-H2-to-power with metal-hydride or pressure tank

Best for arctic (winter deficit)

Limits Round trip roughly a third; electrolyser and fuel-cell maintenance; H2 safety zoning. Efficiency numbers here are textbook ranges, not sourced from this sweep.

Several commercial home systems and northern-climate feasibility studies exist; low efficiency and cost remain barriers. (Commercial home-system claim not sourced in this sweep: unverified.)

EXPERIMENTALTRL 5

Iron-oxide hydrogen store

Fe3O4 + H2 reduction to Fe; steam oxidation releases H2

0.21 m³ measuredPilot reactor volumeiron-h2-2024

Best for arcticmountain

Limits High-temperature reactor; low TRL.

1:10 single-household pilot reactor (0.21 m³) demonstrated in 2024.

COMMERCIALTRL 9

Oversize PV + curtail

Panels are cheaper than storage; size for the worst month and dump surplus to heat

about 698 GW reportedGlobal PV installed 2025iea-pvps2026

Best for all terrestrial

Limits Land/roof area; at polar night there is nothing to oversize, so heat storage plus a fuel backup remains.

Standard off-grid practice; only the configurator rule is new.

ENERGY-S5 · function

DC spine and power electronics

Distribute power with few conversions, and make priority physical so the site survives a controller failure.

How it works

PV, batteries, LEDs, BLDC fans, pumps and compressors are DC inside, so a DC bus removes inverter-rectifier pairs. Droop control lets every converter set its current from the bus voltage alone: when generation exceeds load the voltage rises, when storage runs low it falls, so loads can be assigned voltage thresholds and shed in priority order without communication. Current/OS formalises this decentralised rule-set for 350 V class buildings; EMerge Alliance standardises occupied-space and data/telecom DC; 48–60 V stays touch-safe (SELV/ELV) for in-floor cassettes. Solid-state circuit breakers interrupt DC faults (no current zero) in microseconds, which is the main protection challenge of DC.

COMMERCIALTRL 8

48–60 V DC house spine (v3 M08)

SELV-class DC bus in floor cassettes, point-of-load converters

Best for home, hotel key, farm cassette

Limits High currents above about 5 kW per branch; copper mass; use 380 V for heavy loads.

Telecom 48 V and Victron/Venus OS 48 V systems are mature; ORIJO cassette integration is new.

PILOTTRL 7

380 V / 350 V building DC (Current/OS, EMerge)

Low-voltage DC microgrid with interlink converter to AC grid

6–8 % reportedPV energy used more efficiently, DC vs AC (Bosch simulation study) · modelled result in the cited studyfregosi2015
20 % claimedEnergy saving at Vinci Energies Wave buildingcurrentos
factor 2–5 - claimedPeak grid exchange reduction in reference projectscurrentos
7 TRL reportedDC microgrid TRL (INL)gridtechpedia

Best for hotel, farm, research station

Limits Few certified appliances; protection and arc-fault rules immature; inspector unfamiliarity.

Reference buildings operate (Vinci Wave, Lille); INL lists DC microgrids at TRL 7.

EXPERIMENTALTRL 4

Lunar HV DC transmission

± 2800 VDC over ≥ 1 km from reactor to users

± 2800 VDC targetFSP transmission voltagefsp40-ntrs2022

Best for lunar

Limits Dust, thermal cycling, arc behaviour in vacuum.

Design studies only (NETS-2022).

ENERGY-S6 · function

Energy management, forecasting and digital twin

Decide every 5–15 minutes what runs, charges or waits, against weather and occupancy forecasts, while guaranteeing the life-safety floor.

How it works

Model predictive control solves a small optimisation over a 24–72 h horizon using a grey-box model of battery, tank, building thermal mass and crop lighting, re-planning each step with fresh PV and occupancy forecasts. Reinforcement learning can learn the policy from data but field evidence is thin and safety is hard to certify, so the practical pattern is MPC (or rule ladder) as the safe baseline with learning only tuning parameters. A digital twin of each site (same model, fleet-calibrated) lets the operator detect degradation, for example a fouled heat-pump coil, by comparing measured with predicted kWh. The firmware priority ladder (life safety > water > food > heat to people > comfort > guest extras) is the non-negotiable outer loop.

PILOTTRL 7

Economic MPC over battery + heat-pump tank + loads

Receding-horizon optimisation with forecasts

Best for all

Limits Needs a calibrated model per site; forecast error at polar/mountain sites.

Many residential demonstrations and commercial HEMS; not yet plug-and-play for off-grid multi-asset sites.

EXPERIMENTALTRL 5

RL-tuned controller

Model-based or batch RL learns dispatch from data

Best for fleet-level tuning

Limits Safety certification; sample efficiency; distribution shift between climates.

A few field tests (e.g. residential self-consumption, Belgium) versus many simulations.

COMMERCIALTRL 8

Voltage-droop priority ladder (hardware fallback)

Each load sheds at its own bus-voltage threshold

Best for all, especially remote

Limits Coarse; cannot anticipate tomorrow's weather.

Low-voltage disconnects and droop sharing are standard in telecom and Current/OS designs.

史03 Projects · including failures

Who has tried this, and what happened.

26 projects and companies, oldest first. 5 of them closed, failed or went bankrupt; they are kept in, because investors learn more from them than from the successes.

When	Project	What	Status	Outcome or lesson
2009-present	Princess Elisabeth AntarcticaInternational Polar Foundation / BELARE · Belgium (Antarctica)	Wind + solar polar research station on a micro smart grid with lead-acid batteries and backup generators; up to 16 scientists in summer	active	A priority-ladder smart grid plus a passive envelope makes zero-emission polar operation possible; batteries are still lead-acid and a generator remains as backup. pea-wiki v3-concept
2010-present (Chapter 11 May-Aug 2024)	Ambri liquid-metal batteryAmbri · USA	Ca-alloy / molten salt / antimony high-temperature grid battery	restructured	Chapter 11 in May 2024; assets sold via a Section 363 sale to a consortium of its pre-bankruptcy lenders (Gates Frontier, Paulson, Fortistar et al.) and the company emerged in Aug 2024 as a 'leaner' firm still aiming to commercialise. Lesson stands: capital-intensive manufacturing scale-up outran financing and equity holders were reset. 2026 operating status not confirmed in this sweep. ambri-pvmag2024
2012–2025	Natron EnergyNatron Energy · USA	Sodium-ion (Prussian blue) cells; $40 M Michigan facility opened April 2024	failed	Ceased operations 3 Sept 2025 citing funding and commercialisation; chemistry promise does not guarantee vendor survival. sodium-wiki
2012–2015	Bosch DC microgrid demonstrationsBosch / NREL · USA	380 V DC commercial-building microgrid with PV	closed	Simulated 6–8% better use of PV energy than AC; gain is real but modest, so DC must be justified by simplicity and resilience too. fregosi2015
2014-present (Chapter 11 March-May 2025)	Plenty UnlimitedPlenty · USA	Vertical farming, ~$1 bn raised, $1.9 bn peak valuation	restructured	Closed Compton leafy-greens farm Dec 2024 citing rising California energy and operating costs; prepackaged Chapter 11 filed 23 March 2025, existing equity cancelled; plan effective 29 May 2025 and Plenty continues as a smaller company around its Richmond, Virginia strawberry farm. The leafy-greens vertical-farm business failed; the company did not disappear. plenty-elevenflo
2015–2018	KRUSTY / KilopowerNASA / DOE / LANL / NNSS · USA	Ground nuclear test of a 1 kWe-class heat-pipe reactor with Stirling converters	research	28 h test, 1.5–5.0 kWt, fuel about 880 C, about 25% system efficiency; reactor self-regulated through simulated failures. krusty2020 kilopower-wiki krusty-ntrs2018 yt-krusty
2015-present	Next2Sun vertical agri-PV parksNext2Sun · Germany	Vertical bifacial E-W fences on farmland (e.g. 3.5 MWp Merzig-Wellingen)	active	Morning/evening production complements south-facing PV; farming continues between rows. next2sun
2015–2024	Bowery FarmingBowery · USA	Vertical farming, >$700 M raised, $2.3 bn valuation	closed	Ceased all operations Nov 2024 after a failed sale, entering an assignment for the benefit of creditors (Sherwood Partners); a $150 M KKR loan, difficulty securing financing and weaker premium-produce demand were cited. bowery-yahoo plenty-elevenflo
2015–2020	Showa Station clean microgrid studyJARE / Japanese universities · Japan (Antarctica)	Distributed diesel + renewables microgrid studies to cut fuel at Showa Base	research	Polar stations remain mostly diesel; renewables penetration is studied incrementally. showa2020
2016-present	Heggelbach agrivoltaic research plantFraunhofer ISE / Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach · Germany	194 kWp elevated agri-PV over a third of a hectare of arable crops	active	Land use efficiency 160% (2017) and 186% (2018 hot summer); celery +12%, clover -8%. Results are from 2017–2018; operation status in 2026 not re-confirmed in this sweep. fraunhofer2019 trommsdorff2021
2016-present	SolarContainer / foldable PV containersVarious (e.g. Solarcontainer (AT), HighJoule HJFoldSolar) · Austria / global	Containerised PV arrays that unfold on rails or hinges, 10–160 kWp	shipped	Proves fold-out PV logistics; shows hours-scale deployment; most are generator substitutes, not integrated habitats. mobilesolarcontainer yt-solarcontainer pat-US10666185B2
2016	TenFold self-deploying solar panelTenFold Engineering · USA	Hydraulically unfolding PV structure demo	closed	Self-deploying demo existed a decade ago; current status not confirmed in this sweep. yt-tenfold
2019–2023	Belgian arable agrivoltaic pilotsKU Leuven et al. · Belgium	Vertical bifacial, tracked and elevated AV over sugar beet and wheat	research	Vertical LER 1.00–1.18; elevated over wheat lost 33–46% yield (LER 0.97–1.09); construction soil compaction mattered. reher2024
2020–2030	Fission Surface Power (FSP) / Lunar ReactorNASA / DOE · USA	40 kWe, 10-year lunar reactor (< 6 t); Phase 1 $5 M contracts 2022 (Lockheed Martin, Westinghouse, IX); 2025 directive raised target to ≥ 100 kW ready for launch late 2029	research	Lunar baseline power is shifting to fission; habitat power bricks must be source-agnostic. Wikipedia (accessed 2026–10–29) reports NASA said in March 2026 that Lunar Reactor-1 (LR-1) development would be informed by a Space Reactor-1 mission planned for Dec 2028 (secondary source). fsp-wiki fsp40-ntrs2022 sciam2025
2020s	Vinci Energies 'Wave' DC buildingVinci Energies / Current/OS · France	350 V DC network for IT and 48 V lighting without inverters	active	Claimed 20% energy saving; DC buildings are real but still showcase projects. currentos
2020–2024	SkyCool radiative cooling panels at Ft MooreSkyCool Systems / ARPA-E · USA	PDRC panels pre-cooling condenser fluid of building cooling systems	pilot	Field demonstration completed (report 2024); savings figures not extracted in this sweep. skycool2024
2023–2026	Form Energy iron-air deploymentsForm Energy · USA	100-hour iron-air batteries for utilities (Great River Energy MN, Xcel 10 MW projects) and data centres	shipped	First commercial units began deploying Oct 2025 at Great River Energy (Minnesota); >$1.2 bn raised (Latitude Media); 2026 deals include Google (300 MW / 30 GWh, Minnesota data centre) and Crusoe (12 GWh, deliveries from 2027) per Wikipedia. Multi-day storage is a utility asset, not a house appliance. form-latitude2025 form-wiki yt-form
2023–2026	Antora Energy thermal batteriesAntora Energy · USA	Carbon-block thermal batteries for industrial heat and power	active	Raised $550 M oversubscribed Series C (31 July 2026) after $150 M Series B (2024); reports a 5 GWh system in South Dakota and a US factory opened 2024 (company statements via Mercom); validates investor appetite for thermal storage. antora-news2026
2023–2024	OrigamiSat-2 / PowerCube deployable arraysJAXA programme / DCUBED · Japan / Germany	Origami membrane perovskite array on a 3U CubeSat; 100 W array stowed in 1U	research	Origami PV is maturing in space; terrestrial fold-out arrays can borrow hinge and stowage logic. dcubed2023 hanaflex2015
2024–2027	Peak Energy sodium-ion BESSPeak Energy · USA	Grid sodium-ion storage; 3.5 MWh Watkins CO system; 4 GWh/yr Sacramento factory planned, shipments Q1 2027	pilot	> 6 GWh of commitments to 2030; production not yet started, so supply for small buyers is 2027+. peak-pvmag2026
2024–2025	Jones Food CompanyJones Food Company · UK	14,500 m² vertical farm powered only by renewable electricity	failed	Placed into administration April 2025 without having made a profit: green electricity did not fix unit economics. vf-wiki
2025-present	Pornainen Sand BatteryPolar Night Energy / Loviisan Lampo · Finland	1 MW / 100 MWh crushed-soapstone heat store for a district-heating network	active	Survived a very cold, price-volatile winter; oil boiler did not run; wood chips cut 60% and emissions 70%. Heat-out thermal storage is commercially proven. pne-essnews2025 pne-ie2026 pne-newatlas2025 yt-pne
2025–2027	Lahti Energia Vaaksy sand batteryPolar Night Energy / Lahti Energia · Finland	2 MW / 250 MWh natural-sand store, > 500 C	pilot	Scale-up 2.5x in capacity within two years of the first unit; expected completion summer 2027. pne-essnews2025
2025-present	Rondo heat battery at Holmes WesternRondo Energy · USA	100 MWh brick heat battery fed by 20 MW off-grid solar, delivering steam	active	Off-grid solar can directly drive a firm heat supply through cheap thermal storage. RTE > 97% and 'daily automatic operation since Oct 2025' are company claims reported by pv magazine; the facility keeps its gas boilers alongside. rondo-pvmag2025
2025–2026	CATL Naxtra sodium-ionCATL · China	175 Wh/kg sodium-ion cells in mass production; passenger EV from mid-2026	shipped	Cold-tolerant chemistry (claimed > 90% capacity at -40 C) is now a commodity option for unheated keep-alive banks. catl-newatlas2026 sodium-wiki
2025	DESALRO 2.0 SWROITC DESAL+ Living Lab · Spain (Gran Canaria)	2,500 m³/day seawater RO plant (design scaled up to 5,000 m³/day)	active	Record 1.794 kWh/m³ at 40% recovery (Feb 2025): desalination energy is small next to farm lighting. penate2026

Failures, read for lessons

Plenty (Chapter 11 March 2025, equity cancelled; emerged May 2025 as a smaller strawberry grower), Bowery (ceased operations Nov 2024, ABC process), Jones Food Company (administration April 2025)
WhyElectric-light food at 10–18 kWh/kg priced against field produce; rising energy and operating costs (Plenty explicitly cited California energy costs); debt-funded scale before unit economics; Jones Food was 100% renewable-powered and still unprofitable.
Lesson for AnygroundNever size LED cassettes to the commodity lettuce market. Daylight vaults first, LED cassettes only for remote-premium crops, and schedule lighting to PV hours so a farm kWh costs PV LCOE, not battery LCOS.
Natron Energy sodium-ion (ceased operations Sept 2025)
WhyFunding and commercialisation challenges despite a new $40 M plant.
Lesson for AnygroundDual-source every chemistry; keep the DENCHI cabinet chemistry-agnostic at 48 V with a standard CAN/BMS interface.
Ambri liquid-metal battery (Chapter 11 May 2024; emerged Aug 2024 under lender ownership)
WhyHigh-temperature novel chemistry needed a costly factory before revenue; fundraising environment tightened.
Lesson for AnygroundBuy storage that is already a commodity; innovate in integration, folding and control, not cell chemistry.
Elevated agrivoltaics over wheat (Belgium 2022–2023)
WhyCereal yield fell 33–46%; LER dipped to 0.97 in 2023; construction compacted soil.
Lesson for AnygroundPut PV where it does not shade staple crops: vertical fences, vault ridges, deck canopies; keep heavy machinery off growing beds during unfolding.
Small wind performance gaps (Scoraig trials, many urban rooftops)
WhyField output deviates from claimed power curves; turbulence and siting dominate.
Lesson for AnygroundWind on KRES-7 only after 3–6 months of mast anemometry; never in the baseline sizing.
Diesel-dependent polar stations (Showa, Canadian Arctic communities)
WhyReliability culture and winter darkness keep diesel as primary; renewable integration is incremental.
Lesson for AnygroundAt > 66 deg latitude, plan a winter fuel or biomass backup and heat storage honestly; publish the diesel hours as a KPI rather than claiming zero.
Seasonal hydrogen in homes
WhyRound trip roughly a third (textbook range, not sourced here), high capex and maintenance; few homes outside demonstrations.
Lesson for AnygroundTreat H2 as an option for KITA research stations only; the default seasonal store is oversized PV + thermal + demand ladder.

文04 Key papers

The science underneath, 28 papers.

Newest first. Each line states the finding that the dossier relies on.

2026
Can sunlight replace LEDs in vertical farms? A critical assessment of optical-fiber daylighting strategies
Ceccanti F, Bischi A, Antonelli M, Baccioli A · arXiv · model
Hybrid daylight strategies save about 50% electricity (min 3.16 kWh/kg); fibre delivery efficiency is only 19–27%.
2026
The worldwide lowest specific energy consumption measured in a seawater desalination plant
Penate-Suarez B, et al. · Energy Conversion and Management: X · field-trial
SWRO measured 1.794 kWh/m³ at 40% recovery (Feb 2025).
2025
Vertical farming: productivity, environmental impact, and resource use. A review
Pennisi G, Gianquinto G, Marcelis LFM, Martin M, Orsini F · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · review
Lettuce yields 60–105 kg FW/m²/yr at 0.08–0.13 kg FW/kWh with about 2.9 kg CO₂ per kg FW.
2025
The emergence of indoor agriculture as a driver of global energy demand
Mills E · npj Sustainable Agriculture · review
Meta-analysis of 116 studies: CEA supplies < 1% of US food yet uses more energy than all open-field farming; solar-powering it needs about 3x the land of open-field farming.
2025
First look at safety and performance evaluation of commercial sodium-ion batteries
Carter R, Waller GH, Jacob C, et al. · Energies · experiment
Independent abuse and performance testing of commercial Na-ion cells (26 citations); numbers not extracted.
2024
Benchmarking energy efficiency in vertical farming: Status and prospects
Miserocchi L, Franco A · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · review
Current vertical farms use 10–18 kWh per kg lettuce (850–1150 kWh/m²/yr); a technical benchmark of 3.1–7.4 kWh/kg is projected.
2024
The dark side of lighting: a critical analysis of vertical farms' environmental impact
Stanghellini C, Katzin D · Journal of Cleaner Production · review
Urban vertical farming is unlikely to be more climate-friendly than long-distance transport; greenhouses may outperform it.
2024
Potential of sugar beet and wheat production in vertical bifacial, tracked, or elevated agrivoltaic systems in Belgium
Reher T, Lavaert C, Willockx B, et al. · Applied Energy · field-trial
Sugar beet under vertical/tracked AV lost 11–19% yield; LER 1.00–1.22; wheat under elevated AV lost 33–46%.
2024
Safe seasonal energy and hydrogen storage in a 1:10 single-household-sized pilot reactor based on iron
(Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2024) · Sustainable Energy & Fuels · experiment
Iron-based seasonal H2 storage demonstrated in a 0.21 m³ pilot reactor.
2023
Temporal and spatial variability of energy intensity for atmospheric water generators
Brenes AT, Chini CM · Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain. · model
Refrigeration AWGs use 0.02–3.64 kWh/L and solar sorption AWGs 3.19–5.29 kWh/L across the US (1985–2019 weather).
2022
A deployable 40 kWe lunar fission surface power concept
Oleson S, Packard T, Turnbull E, Gibson M, et al. · NETS-2022 (NASA NTRS) · model
HALEU YH-moderated heat-pipe reactor with Stirling converters, placed ≥ 1 km from users, transmitting at ± 2800 VDC.
2021
Combining food and energy production: design of an agrivoltaic system applied in arable and vegetable farming in Germany
Trommsdorff M, et al. · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · field-trial
Heggelbach design and results (403 citations); press release reports land use efficiency 160–186%.
2021
The design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonized power systems
Sepulveda NA, Jenkins JD, Edington A, Mallapragada DS, Lester RK · Nature Energy · model
LDES energy-capacity cost must be ≤ $20/kWh to cut electricity cost ≥ 10%, and ≤ $1/kWh to fully displace firm generation.
2021
Technical feasibility evaluation of a solar PV based off-grid domestic energy system with battery and hydrogen energy storage in northern climates
Puranen P, Kosonen A, Ahola J · Solar Energy · model
Finnish off-grid PV + battery + H2 + ground-source heat pump feasibility (155 citations); numbers not retrieved.
2020
Results of the KRUSTY Nuclear System Test
Poston DI, Gibson MA, Sanchez RG, McClure P · Nuclear Technology · experiment
28 h test at 1.5–5.0 kWt, fuel about 880 C, each 80 We-rated Stirling made about 90 We, system efficiency about 25%.
2020
Integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round energy saving in buildings
Li X, Sun B, Sui C, et al. (Hsu PC) · Nature Communications · experiment
Switchable device: 71.6 W/m² cooling, 643.4 W/m² heating; 19.2% simulated US HVAC saving.
2020
The Scoraig wind trials: in situ power performance measurements of locally manufactured small wind turbines
Leary J, Piggott H, Howell R · Wind Engineering · field-trial
Seven small turbines over- and under-performed predictions about equally; tuning raised one turbine's yield up to 156%.
2019
A review on recent sizing methodologies of hybrid renewable energy systems
(Energy Convers. Manag. review) · Energy Conversion and Management · review
Review of HRES sizing (LPSP/LOLP, metaheuristics); 486 citations; no single number extracted.
2019
Using reinforcement learning for maximizing residential self-consumption — results from a field test
Soares A, Geysen D, Spiessens F, et al. · Energy and Buildings · field-trial
One of few RL field tests (battery, DHW, flexible loads); quantitative result not retrieved in this sweep.
2019
Economic model predictive control of combined thermal and electric residential building energy systems
(Applied Energy 2019) · Applied Energy · model
EMPC co-optimises PV, battery and heat pump; 113 citations; numbers not extracted.
2019
Performance of heat pump integrated phase change material thermal storage for electric load shifting
(Energy and Buildings 2019) · Energy and Buildings · experiment
PCM store on heat pump enables load shifting (101 citations); numbers not extracted.
2019
Autonomous deployment of a solar panel using elastic origami and distributed shape-memory-polymer actuators
(Phys. Rev. Applied) · Physical Review Applied · experiment
Origami solar panel self-deploys with distributed SMP actuators instead of motors (147 citations).
2019
Renewable energy integration in diesel-based microgrids at the Canadian Arctic
(Proc. IEEE 2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · review
Review of renewable penetration in Arctic diesel microgrids; numbers not extracted.
2018
Plant factories versus greenhouses: comparison of resource use efficiency
Graamans L, Baeza E, van den Dobbelsteen A, Tsafaras I, Stanghellini C · Agricultural Systems · model
Landmark comparison (518 citations) of plant-factory vs greenhouse energy use across climates; abstract numbers not retrieved in this sweep.
2015
A comparative study of DC and AC microgrids in commercial buildings across different climates and operating profiles
Fregosi D, Ravula S, Brhlik D, et al. · IEEE ICDCM · model
DC microgrids use PV energy about 6–8% more efficiently than AC.
2014
Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight
Raman AP, Anoma MA, Zhu L, Rephaeli E, Fan S · Nature · experiment
Landmark first demonstration of sub-ambient daytime radiative cooling (3,609 citations); figures not retrieved in this sweep.
2008
Analysis of stationary, photovoltaic-based surface power system designs at the lunar south pole
Freeh JE · AIAA SPACE 2008 · model
For 5 kW sunlit / 2 kW night, PV + regenerative fuel cells are significantly lighter than PV + batteries.
1996
Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system
Borowy BS, Salameh ZM · IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion · model
Landmark LOLP sizing method using 30 years of hourly wind and irradiance data (1035 citations).

数05 Numbers ledger

Every number, with its basis.

Measured, reported, claimed, calculated or target: the basis travels with the value.

Quantity	Value	Unit	Basis	Sources
Vertical-farm specific energy, lettuce (current facilities)Literature review of existing farms; = 850–1150 kWh/m²/yr	10–18	kWh/kg FW	reported	miserocchi2024
Vertical-farm technical energy benchmarkmodelled result in the cited study; Projected with best equipment and control	3.1–7.4	kWh/kg FW	reported	miserocchi2024
Vertical-farm energy use efficiencyEquivalent to 7.7–12.5 kWh/kg	0.08–0.13	kg FW/kWh	reported	pennisi2025
Vertical-farm lettuce yieldCultivation-area basis	60–105	kg FW/m²/yr	reported	pennisi2025
ORIJO HATA-4 cassette implied specific energy14.4–19.2 kWh/day x 7 / 6.1–8.9 kg/week = 11.3–22.0 kWh/kg (full range; v3 concept.json states 'about 11–22, central about 15'); overlaps and partly exceeds EN01 10–18	about 11–22 (central about 15)	kWh/kg	calculated	v3-concept
Hybrid daylight + LED minimum SEECmodelled result in the cited study; About 50% electricity saving vs LED-only for hybrid strategies; daylight-only reaches 1.81 kWh/kg but with 52% lower productivity; fibre useful-PAR delivery 19–27% (arXiv preprint, not peer reviewed)	3.16	kWh/kg	reported	ceccanti2026
Stationary battery pack price 2025-45% vs 2024; all-segment average $108/kWh	70	USD/kWh	reported	bnef2025
Utility 4 h BESS LCOS 2025Unsubsidized, utility-scale standalone 100 MW / 4 h, Lazard LCOS v10.0 (2025). Same chart: 2 h 129–277; C&I 1 MW/2 h 319–506; residential 6 kW/4 h 547–860 USD/MWh	115–254	USD/MWh	reported	lazard2025-pdf
LDES cost threshold for ≥ 10% system cost reductionmodelled result in the cited study; Grid capacity-expansion modelling	≤ 20	USD/kWh (energy capacity)	reported	sepulveda2021
Form Energy discharge durationIron-air, first commercial units Oct 2025	100	h	claimed	form-latitude2025
Sand battery round-trip (heat-to-heat) efficiencyInteresting Engineering 2026: 80–90% round trip, about 85% recovered after weeks; New Atlas 2025 quoted 90%; company figures, not independently measured	80–90	%	claimed	pne-ie2026 pne-newatlas2025
Pornainen sand battery500–600 C at full charge (Pornainen operates at 500 C); 80–100 C district-heat output (Interesting Engineering 2026). Size and mass from ESS News 2025.	1 MW / 100 MWh, ~2000 t soapstone	-	reported	pne-essnews2025 pne-ie2026
Heat in a 500 L tank across 40 K500 × 1.163 × 40 = 23.3 kWh_th; ~8 kWh_e at COP 3	about 23	kWh_th	calculated	v3-concept
CATL Naxtra sodium-ion energy density / -40 C retentionNew Atlas 2026: >90% at -40 C, still operates at -50 C; Wikipedia: 93% at -30 C and >10,000 cycles; all manufacturer claims. Vehicle (Changan Nevo A06) launch mid-2026 announced; delivery not confirmed in this sweep	175 Wh/kg / > 90%	-	claimed	catl-newatlas2026
DC vs AC PV utilisation gainmodelled result in the cited study; Bosch commercial-building simulation	6–8	%	reported	fregosi2015
Agrivoltaic land use efficiency, Heggelbach194 kWp, 1285.3 kWh/kWp in 2018	160 (2017) / 186 (2018)	%	measured	fraunhofer2019
Vertical bifacial agrivoltaic LER, sugar beetBelgium 2021–2022; tracked 1.17–1.22	1.00–1.18	-	measured	reher2024
KRUSTY thermal power / system efficiency28 h nuclear test, March 2018	1.5–5.0 kWt / about 25%	-	measured	krusty2020
FSP requirement40 kW at 120 Vdc per Phase 1 RFP (Wikipedia); implied specific power about 6.7 W/kg (calculated 40,000 W / 6,000 kg)	40 kWe, 10 yr, < 6000 kg, < 5 rem/yr at 1 km	-	target	fsp-wiki
NASA 2025 lunar reactor directiveSolicitation within 60 days of directive	≥ 100 kW, ready for launch late 2029	-	target	sciam2025
PDRC typical cooling powerHumidity and cloud weaken effect	100–150 (10–40 tropical)	W/m²	reported	pdrc-wiki
SWRO record specific energyGuinness World Record, Feb 2025; 40% recovery, 37 g/L feed at 22 C; product TDS < 200 mg/L	1.794	kWh/m³	measured	penate2026
Atmospheric water generator energy intensitymodelled result in the cited study; = 20–5,290 kWh/m³, i.e. 10–3000x SWRO	0.02–3.64 (refrigeration); 3.19–5.29 (solar sorption)	kWh/L	reported	brenes2023
DHW heat for 4 people at 50 L/person/day, 10 to 55 C200 L x 1.163 Wh/(L K) x 45 K; = 3.5 kWh_e at COP 3	10.5	kWh_th/day	calculated
Global PV installed in 2025Estimate; cumulative nearly 3 TW end-2025 (IEA PVPS Snapshot 2026 report page)	about 698	GW	reported	iea-pvps2026
Residential standalone BESS LCOS 2025 (6 kW / 4 h, unsubsidized)About 4–5x utility-scale 4 h LCOS (115–254): home-scale stored kWh are expensive, which supports shifting loads into PV hours rather than through the battery	547–860	USD/MWh	reported	lazard2025-pdf
2018 IFC lithium/sodium ESS threshold triggering ESS provisionsLead-acid/NiCd 70 kWh; other 10 kWh; 2018 IRC (RB171–16): battery systems > 1 kWh must be UL 9540 listed and may not be installed in habitable space	20	kWh	reported	nicolello-ess
NFPA 855 (2020) aggregate ESS limits in dwellingsUNVERIFIED: search snippets only; must be read from NFPA 855 / IRC R328 before design freeze. A 4-person ORIJO home with 1–2 days of LFP (about 15–30 kWh) plus a sodium locker sits near these caps	40 (utility closets) / 80 (garages, outdoors)	kWh	reported	nfpa855-snippet

段06 Autonomy ladder

From manual to Earth-independent, in human minutes.

Human minutes per week for this layer at each level (log bars). The unified site-level scale is on the Autonomy Stack page.

L0
Diesel genset plus manual switching; occupants refuel and reset
Generator, fuel logistics
180 min/wk
L1
PV + battery with commodity inverter-charger; humans monitor SOC and shed loads by hand
LFP, MPPT, Victron-class gear
60 min/wk
L2
Rule-based priority ladder and remote telemetry; heat-pump tank absorbs surplus automatically
Venus OS / Home Assistant, CO₂ heat pump, MQTT over satellite
20 min/wk
L3
Forecast-driven MPC across battery, tank, farm lighting and laundry; fleet digital twin flags degradation
Weather API, grey-box models, MPC solver on edge computer
8 min/wk
L4
Self-diagnosing site: voltage-droop hardware fallback, robot cleans arrays and swaps faulty modules on the jo grid
TSURU service robot, hot-swappable 48 V modules, solid-state breakers
3 min/wk
L5
Fleet-level learning re-sizes and re-provisions sites (ships extra wing or battery before winter) without human planning; lunar variant runs unattended through the night
Fleet RL tuning, predictive logistics, source-agnostic power brick (PV or fission)
1 min/wk

ORIJO roadmap for this layer

2027 L2 · v3 Phase 1 Bench
2029 L3 · v3 Phase 3 Catalogue (first IE homes, HATA-MURA farms)
2032 L4 · v3 Phase 4 Extreme (KITA winter-over)

結07 Interfaces

What crosses to the other layers.

Flows into and out of this layer from the synthesis, coloured by currency.

形Structure →PV mounting area on MIURA-W wings and BYOBU fences; DC harness through hingesabout 4.5 (MIURA-W); about 4 (BYOBU-PV) kWp per wing target
→ 形StructureHeat to the envelope; FLIP-FOLD and radiant floors0–15+ (desert summer 0; arctic 15+) kWh_th/day assumed
→ 水WaterElectricity for MIZU treatment, pumps, UV; low-grade heat for sorbent regeneration2–4.3 MIZU (home) + 1.4 KUMO fans; heat 2.7–4.7 kWh_th per AWH litre kWh/day calculated
→ 環LoopHeat for larvae/compost/AD; power for dosing pumps and blowersabout 1.6 (KAMADO-B 40 W + KAWAYA-U 25 W) kWh/day calculated
→ 農GrowLED, fan and pump electricity; photoperiod scheduled into PV hours14.4–19.2 full cassette (9.2 lighting at DLI 15) kWh/day per HATA-4 calculated
→ 建BuildPre-charged unfold buffer for winches and robots<0.01 potential energy; peak power is the sizing case kWh per unfold calculated
→ 守CareRobot charging on JO-PORT docksabout 0.25 (TSURU-class patrol at 60 W) kWh/week calculated
→ 心MindSOC, PV forecast, bus voltage as public priority signalabout 40 (DENCHI, MPPT, tank, ports) telemetry points assumed
水Water →Thermal storage in water tanks; recycler waste heat14–23 per 300–500 L tank kWh_th calculated
環Loop →Exothermic heat (larvae, compost, digesters) into the hydronic tank20–60 (compost/BSF heating demand, reversible in summer) W reported
農Grow →Deferrable load and reject heat from LEDs and dehumidifiers9.2 lighting per HATA-4, almost all leaves as heat kWh/day calculated
建Build →Commissioning order and unfold power peaksPV wing unfold about 1 h of attendance person-h target
守Care →PV cleaning (recovered yield), battery/inverter organ swaps3–4 global soiling loss average (more in deserts) % of PV yield calculated
心Mind →Dispatch plan, shed tiers, DLI-to-sun schedule5–15 min decision cycle reported

折08 ORIJO design

The recommended stack and what we would build next.

What ORIJO adopts from the state of the art, the new mechanisms this layer adds and the 12-month prototype for each, with its pass and kill criteria.

Subsystem	ORIJO choice	Why
Generation	MIURA-W rigid fold-out wings + BYOBU-PV vertical bifacial fences; wind/hydro only after site measurement	Commodity c-Si at a fraction of storage cost; fences add morning/evening and snow-season yield and LER ≥ 1 where farmed.
Daily storage	DENCHI-B: LFP 20–40 kWh inside + 2–5 kWh sodium-ion in unheated locker	LFP is $70/kWh at pack level (2025); Na-ion claims > 90% capacity at -40 C for keep-alive loads.
Heat bank	CO₂ heat pump into 300–500 L stratified tank (14–23 kWh_th); optional sand hearth at cold sites	Thermal kWh are far cheaper than electrochemical kWh and most habitat demand is heat.
Seasonal	Oversize PV and curtail into heat; fuel/biomass backup above the Arctic Circle; no hydrogen by default	LDES only pays below ~$20/kWh; no home-scale product meets it today.
Distribution	48–60 V DC spine in floor cassettes; 380 V DC island for hotel kitchens and compressors; solid-state breakers	Fewer conversions (6–8% better PV use) and voltage-droop priority that works without software.
Control	Rule ladder (L2) at launch, MPC (L3) after 12 months of fleet data; RL only for parameter tuning	Field evidence for RL is thin; MPC is well studied; ladder guarantees life safety.

01 New mechanism

HIKARI-DOKI (photoperiod-to-sun scheduler)

Farm-lighting controller that shifts the LED photoperiod into PV hours and treats lighting as the largest deferrable load

How it works

Each HATA cassette receives a daily light-integral target (mol/m²/day) instead of a clock schedule. The MPC fills the target first from daylight (vault glazing), then from LEDs during PV surplus, and only then from battery, with a hard rule that the dark period stays continuous. Because lighting dominates vertical-farm electricity, moving it into sun hours cuts the battery energy that cassettes need overnight to pumps and fans only.

12-month prototype: One HATA-4 cassette on a 6 kWp PV + 15 kWh LFP test bench with DLI sensors and MPC on a Raspberry-Pi-class edge computer
BOM: USD 18,000–30,000 (estimate; bench PV, LFP, LED fixtures, sensors)
Test: A/B against fixed 16 h night-weighted schedule over two 5-week lettuce cycles
Pass: Battery throughput attributable to the cassette falls ≥ 50% with fresh-weight yield within 10% of control
Kill: Yield loss > 15% or tipburn/bolting incidence doubles

02 New mechanism

DENATSU-ROPE (voltage-rope priority ladder)

Hardware priority ladder: every JO-PORT has its own bus-voltage shed and restore thresholds

How it works

The 48–60 V bus voltage is a public signal of storage state. Each port's point-of-load converter carries a fixed threshold pair (e.g. comfort sheds at 49.5 V, farm at 48.5 V, water at 47.5 V, life safety never) with hysteresis, so the ladder holds even if the MPC computer, network and cloud are down — the karakuri principle applied to electricity. Software only moves thresholds within safe bands.

12-month prototype: Six programmable DC-DC port modules on a 48 V bench bus with LFP + electronic load emulating KURA, HATA, MIZU, comms
BOM: USD 3,000–6,000 (estimate)
Test: Drain storage under scripted loads with controller unplugged; inject faults (short, sensor loss)
Pass: Shed order correct in 100% of 200 trials; no oscillation; life-safety port uninterrupted
Kill: Chatter or mis-ordering that cannot be fixed with hysteresis within 6 months

03 New mechanism

IRORI-KURA tank (heat-pump heat bank with reject-heat cascade)

500 L stratified tank fed by CO₂ heat pump, LED/compressor reject heat and sorption-AWH regeneration loop

How it works

Top of the tank is held at 60–65 C for DHW; the middle feeds radiant floors and kotatsu; the cold bottom accepts low-grade reject heat (LED drivers, larvae digester, fridge condensers) and pre-heats the AWH sorbent bed. Surplus PV runs the heat pump first, so heat demand becomes the habitat's cheapest storage.

12-month prototype: Instrumented 500 L tank + air-to-water CO₂ heat pump + 2 kW reject-heat loop on the bench
BOM: USD 8,000–15,000 (estimate)
Test: Cold-chamber runs at +10, -10, -25 C ambient; measure seasonal COP and stratification
Pass: Delivered heat ≥ 2.5x PV electricity at -10 C; DHW at 55 C+ available 99% of hours
Kill: Seasonal COP < 2 at the target climates

04 New mechanism

BYOBU-MAKI (fence-wing pair)

Configurator rule pairing south-tilted MIURA wings with E-W vertical bifacial BYOBU fences to flatten daily and winter output

How it works

Wings dominate noon and summer; fences dominate morning/evening and snow-albedo days. The configurator picks the mix per latitude to minimise battery kWh for a given LOLP, using hourly simulation rather than rule-of-thumb autonomy days.

12-month prototype: 2 kWp wing + 2 kWp fence test rig at two climates with separate MPPT logging
BOM: USD 6,000–10,000 per site (estimate)
Test: 12-month logging; feed into LOLP simulator
Pass: Fence lowers required battery kWh by ≥ 15% at the cold site for equal LOLP
Kill: < 5% battery reduction

Sizing reference

PV_kWp = E_day / (PSH_design x PR); C_bat_kWh = A x E_firm / (DoD x eta_bat); Q_tank = V x 1.163 x dT (Wh). PR 0.75, DoD 0.9, eta_bat 0.95 assumed (calculated, not sourced).

home 4p

pv: 14.5 / (4 PSH x 0.75) = 4.8 kWp; at a 1.5 PSH winter month = 12.9 kWp → MIURA-W 4.5 + BYOBU 4 kWp covers temperate shoulder seasons, not mid-winter at 50 N
battery: 2 days x 10 kWh firm (excluding deferrable heat) / (0.9 × 0.95) = 23 kWh → DENCHI-B 20–40 kWh
heat tank: 300–500 L = 14–23 kWh_th, roughly 1.3–2 days of DHW
basis: calculated from assumed loads; validate with hourly LOLP per site

hotel 6key

pv: 80 / (4 × 0.75) = 26.7 kWp needed vs about 17 kWp in v3 T2 default (2 MIURA-W + 2 BYOBU-PV) → add 2 wings or 1 more fence pair, or drop the cassette at low-sun sites
battery: 1 day of firm load (~50 kWh) / 0.855 = 58 kWh → 3 DENCHI-B (60–120 kWh) is consistent
basis: calculated; occupancy-weighted, so the controller should pre-heat tanks on check-in forecasts

farm module

output: 6.1–8.9 kg/week per cassette (v3) → about 11–22 kWh/kg (calculated: 100.8–134.4 kWh/week / 6.1–8.9 kg/week; central about 15), overlapping and at the top end exceeding the 10–18 kWh/kg literature range (EN01)
pv: 17 / (4 × 0.75) = 5.7 kWp per cassette (desert PSH 6: 3.8 kWp; winter 50 N PSH 1.5: 15 kWp)
battery: With HIKARI-DOKI scheduling, night load is pumps/fans only; assume 30% of daily energy at night → 17 × 0.3 / 0.855 = 6 kWh per cassette vs 20 kWh without shifting (calculated, assumption to be tested)
basis: calculated from v3 targets; lighting share at night is an assumption

問09 Open problems

What is not solved yet.

No small-format LDES product near $20/kWh: the winter deficit at > 50 deg latitude still needs fuel, biomass or grid.
Certified 48–60 V DC appliances (induction hob, washer, CO₂ heat pump) are scarce; inspectors lack DC residential codes.
Long-term field data for sodium-ion in outdoor cold lockers (calendar ageing, BMS behaviour at -40 C) are thin and vendor survival is uncertain.
Vertical-farm electricity per kg must fall toward the 3–7 kWh/kg benchmark before LED cassettes make sense outside remote-premium sites.
Hinge-routed DC harnesses on fold-out arrays: fatigue life over thousands of fold cycles and wind gusts is not characterised.
PDRC durability (dust, dew, UV) and seasonal switching in real buildings remain unproven at scale.
RL controllers lack safety certification paths; MPC needs per-site calibration that must be automated across a fleet.
Lunar night (about 14 Earth days) without fission still forces heavy regenerative fuel cells or batteries; fission timeline depends on policy.
Several numbers here (Lazard LCOS, IEA PVPS totals) were taken from search snippets, and several landmark papers (Graamans 2018, Raman 2014, Puranen 2021) were not read beyond metadata.
Residential ESS aggregate caps (NFPA 855 / IRC R328, about 40–80 kWh by location, unverified) bound how much storage a single home may hold. [gaps-2026–10–29]

検10 Verification

Checked adversarially.

Claims re-checked

Confirmed

Corrected

Unverifiable

Largely sound. No fabricated DOIs or sources found among those checked; all opened paper DOIs resolve to the stated titles/authors and the headline numbers match abstracts. Main defects were overstated failure statuses (Ambri and Plenty restructured rather than gone), one narrowed self-calculated range (EN05), one maturity overstatement (space fission), and several numbers previously resting on search snippets that are now confirmed from primary pages (Lazard LCOS, IEA PVPS, Antora).

Corrections made (11)

EN05 / orijo_design farm_module output: HATA-4 implied specific energy~~about 15–16.5 kWh/kg, 'inside' the 10–18 literature range~~ → about 11–22 kWh/kg (central about 15), overlapping and at the top end exceeding 10–18
EN08 Lazard 2025 LCOS 115–254 USD/MWh~~search-snippet only, primary not read (src-lazard2025)~~ → confirmed from Lazard LCOE+ June 2025 PDF p.19 (utility-scale standalone 100 MW / 4 h, unsubsidized); residential 547–860 USD/MWh added as EN26
P10 Ambri status~~failed; 'assets sold to lenders'~~ → restructured: Chapter 11 May 2024, 363 sale to lender consortium, emerged Aug 2024; 2026 status not confirmed
P21 Plenty status~~failed~~ → restructured: Chapter 11 23 Mar 2025, equity cancelled, plan effective 29 May 2025; continues with Richmond VA strawberry farm
Space fission (Kilopower/FSP) maturity~~PILOT, TRL 5~~ → EXPERIMENTAL, TRL 5 (single ground prototype test; no flight unit)
Thesis wording 'vertical-farm bankruptcies (Plenty, Bowery, Jones Food)'~~bankruptcies~~ → insolvencies (Plenty Chapter 11, Bowery shutdown/ABC, Jones Food administration)
EN12 Pornainen temperatures~~attributed only to src-pne-essnews2025, which does not state temperatures~~ → temperatures sourced to src-pne-ie2026
EN25 IEA PVPS 698 GW~~Google snippet, homepage URL~~ → confirmed on Snapshot 2026 report page (estimate; cumulative nearly 3 TW)
P06 Antora $550 M~~headline only, read_primary false~~ → confirmed Series C 31 Jul 2026, with company-reported 5 GWh South Dakota system
Fold-out container PV key number 40–160 kWp~~'foldable PV container range' from snippet~~ → HighJoule portfolio range; only the HJFoldSolar model is described as foldable
P24 DESALRO 2.0 capacity~~2,500–5,000 m³/day plant~~ → 2,500 m³/day plant; design scaled to 5,000 m³/day

Could not verify (7)

EN11 sand-battery round-trip 80–90%: company figure relayed by press; no independent measurement found
Rondo RTE > 97% and daily automatic operation (company claim via pv magazine)
Ambri, Heggelbach and Rondo operating status in 2026 (no 2026 primary source found; energy serp budget exhausted)
src-gridtechpedia 'DC microgrids TRL 7' (Google snippet; URL truncated, not opened)
Hydrogen home systems 'several commercial products' and ~1/3 round trip (textbook, unsourced; flagged in file)
Scoraig 'up to 156%' (PA18), Elicit-only records PA19-PA28, patents and YouTube sources were not re-opened in this pass
CATL Naxtra vehicle deliveries (announced for mid-2026; delivery not confirmed)

Certification route

C-E1USA · in force; editions vary by jurisdiction
UL 9540 / UL 9540A, IFC and IRC battery provisions, NFPA 855
2018 IRC: systems > 1 kWh UL 9540 listed, not in habitable space; 2018 IFC Li/Na threshold 20 kWh; NFPA 855 (2020) aggregate 40/80 kWh by location (unverified)
For ORIJO: DENCHI-B lockers sit outside the habitable volume (wing or plinth bay), are UL 9540 listed, and the per-home kWh total is a design constraint, not only a cost choice.

典11 Sources

80 sources, linked.

Raw data: /d/layers/energy.json. Search log and method: Evidence.

src-miserocchi2024Miserocchi & Franco (2024) Benchmarking energy efficiency in vertical farming: Status and prospects, Thermal Sci. Eng. Prog. 58:103165 · paper · read
src-pennisi2025Pennisi, Gianquinto, Marcelis, Martin, Orsini (2025) Vertical farming: productivity, environmental impact, and resource use. A review, Agron. Sustain. Dev. 45:57 · paper · read
src-stanghellini2024Stanghellini & Katzin (2024) The dark side of lighting: a critical analysis of vertical farms' environmental impact, J. Clean. Prod. 458:142359 · paper · read
src-mills2025Mills (2025) The emergence of indoor agriculture as a driver of global energy demand, npj Sustainable Agriculture 3 · paper · read
src-ceccanti2026Ceccanti, Bischi, Antonelli, Baccioli (2026) Can sunlight replace LEDs in vertical farms? arXiv:2607.24385 · paper · read
src-graamans2018Graamans, Baeza, van den Dobbelsteen, Tsafaras, Stanghellini (2018) Plant factories versus greenhouses: comparison of resource use efficiency, Agric. Syst. 160:31–43 (metadata only; abstract not retrieved) · paper
src-engler2021Engler & Krarti (2021) Review of energy efficiency in controlled environment agriculture, RSER (Scholar snippet) · paper
src-reher2024Reher et al. (2024) Potential of sugar beet and wheat production in vertical bifacial, tracked, or elevated agrivoltaic systems in Belgium, Applied Energy 359:122679 · paper · read
src-fraunhofer2019Fraunhofer ISE press release (2019) Agrophotovoltaics: high harvesting yield in hot summer of 2018 (Heggelbach) · agency · read
src-trommsdorff2021Trommsdorff et al. (2021) Combining food and energy production: design of an agrivoltaic system applied in arable and vegetable farming in Germany, RSER 140:110694 (metadata only) · paper
src-next2sunNext2Sun vertical bifacial agri-PV product site · company · read
src-fregosi2015Fregosi et al. (2015) A comparative study of DC and AC microgrids in commercial buildings across different climates and operating profiles, IEEE ICDCM · paper · read
src-currentosCurrent/OS Foundation website (DC microgrid set of rules, reference projects) · standard · read
src-emergeEMerge Alliance standards page · standard · read
src-gridtechpediaINL GridTechPedia: DC microgrids (Google snippet: TRL 7) · agency
src-sepulveda2021Sepulveda, Jenkins, Edington, Mallapragada, Lester (2021) The design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonized power systems, Nature Energy 6:506–516 · paper · read
src-bnef2025BloombergNEF (2025) Lithium-ion battery pack prices fall to $108 per kilowatt-hour · company · read
src-lazard2025RTO Insider (2025–06–17) Lazard: Solar and Wind Retain Lowest LCOEs (search snippet carried the LCOS range; article body fetched did not) (superseded by src-lazard2025-pdf) · news
src-form-latitude2025Latitude Media (2025–10–29) Form's first 100-hour batteries are hitting the grid · news · read
src-form-wikiWikipedia: Form Energy · company · read
src-pne-newatlas2025New Atlas (2025–08–27) The world's largest sand battery just went live in Finland · news · read
src-pne-essnews2025ESS News (2025–11–25) Finland's Polar Night to build 250 MWh sand battery for district heating provider · news · read
src-pne-ie2026Interesting Engineering (2026–04–28) The world's largest sand battery just survived its worst-case winter · news · read
src-rondo-pvmag2025pv magazine (2025–10–21) Rondo Energy's 100 MWh heat battery powered by 20 MW of onsite solar · news · read
src-antora-news2026Mercom (2026–07–31) Thermal battery company Antora Energy raises $550 million (Series C) · news · read
src-catl-newatlas2026New Atlas (2026–04–28) Production EV packing sub-zero-operation sodium-ion batteries on its way (CATL Naxtra) · news · read
src-sodium-wikiWikipedia: Sodium-ion battery (CATL, Faradion 0 V shipping, Natron closure, IRENA cost projection) · company · read
src-peak-pvmag2026pv magazine USA (2026–07–13) Peak Energy to build 4 GWh grid-scale sodium-ion BESS factory in California · news · read
src-carter2025Carter et al. (2025) First look at safety and performance evaluation of commercial sodium-ion batteries, Energies 18(3):661 (Scholar snippet) · paper
src-krusty2020Poston, Gibson, Sanchez, McClure (2020) Results of the KRUSTY Nuclear System Test, Nuclear Technology · paper · read
src-kilopower-wikiWikipedia: Kilopower (KRUSTY test facts and citations) · agency · read
src-krusty-ntrs2018Gibson et al. (2018) The Kilopower Reactor Using Stirling TechnologY (KRUSTY) Nuclear Ground Test Results and Lessons Learned, NTRS 20180005435 · agency · read
src-fsp40-ntrs2022Oleson et al. (2022) A deployable 40 kWe lunar fission surface power concept, NETS-2022, NTRS 20220004670 · agency · read
src-fsp-wikiWikipedia: Fission Surface Power (requirements, Phase 1 awards) · agency · read
src-sciam2025Scientific American (2025–08–05) NASA's plan for a nuclear reactor on the Moon could be a lunar land grab · news · read
src-freeh2008Freeh (2008) Analysis of stationary, photovoltaic-based surface power system designs at the lunar south pole, AIAA 2008–7810 · paper · read
src-pea-wikiWikipedia: Princess Elisabeth Antarctica · agency · read
src-pdrc-wikiWikipedia: Passive daytime radiative cooling (review of cited literature) · web (encyclopedia) · read
src-li2020Li et al. (2020) Integration of daytime radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round energy saving in buildings, Nature Communications 11 · paper · read
src-raman2014Raman, Anoma, Zhu, Rephaeli, Fan (2014) Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight, Nature 515 (metadata only) · paper
src-skycool2024SkyCool Systems (2024) Reduced Energy Demand for Cooling with the Sky, ARPA-E AR0001251, OSTI 2562668 · agency · read
src-soares2019Soares et al. (2019) Using reinforcement learning for maximizing residential self-consumption: results from a field test, Energy and Buildings 207:109608 (metadata only) · paper
src-empc2019Economic model predictive control of combined thermal and electric residential building energy systems, Applied Energy (2019) 10.1016/J.APENERGY.2019.01.097 (Elicit record) · paper
src-lmpc2023A learning-based model predictive control strategy for home energy management systems, IEEE Access (2023) (Elicit abstract) · paper
src-brenes2023Brenes & Chini (2023) Temporal and spatial variability of energy intensity for atmospheric water generators, Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain. 3(2) · paper · read
src-penate2026Penate-Suarez et al. (2026) The worldwide lowest specific energy consumption measured in a seawater desalination plant, Energy Convers. Manag. X 30:101682 · paper · read
src-yang2024Yang, Chen, Deng, Wang (2024) Heat-pump-coupled sorbent system toward efficient atmospheric water production and indoor air conditioning, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. (Scholar snippet) · paper
src-leary2020Leary, Piggott, Howell (2020) The Scoraig wind trials: in situ power performance measurements of locally manufactured small wind turbines, Wind Engineering 45(3) · paper · read
src-plenty-elevenfloElevenFlo (2026–01–03) Plenty Unlimited: $1.9B-peak vertical farmer reorganizes in 53 days · news · read
src-bowery-yahooYahoo Finance / Agriculture Dive (2024–11–07) Celebrity-backed indoor farming company Bowery closes · news · read
src-ambri-pvmag2024pv magazine USA (2024–08–05) Liquid metal battery storage specialist Ambri emerges from restructuring · news · read
src-vf-wikiWikipedia: Vertical farming (Jones Food Company administration 2025; LED efficiency) · news · read
src-puranen2020Puranen, Kosonen, Ahola (2021) Technical feasibility evaluation of a solar PV based off-grid domestic energy system with battery and hydrogen energy storage in northern climates, Solar Energy 213:246–259 (metadata only) · paper
src-iron-h2-2024Safe seasonal energy and hydrogen storage in a 1:10 single-household-sized pilot reactor based on iron (2024) Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 10.1039/d3se01228j (Elicit record) · paper
src-dcubed2023Prototyping and engineering model test campaign of the 100 W 1U PowerCube deployable solar array (2023) AIAA 2023–2696 (Elicit record) · paper
src-hanaflex2015HanaFlex: a large solar array for space applications (2015) SPIE 10.1117/12.2177730 (Elicit record) · paper
src-smp-origami2018Autonomous deployment of a solar panel using elastic origami and distributed shape-memory-polymer actuators (2019) Phys. Rev. Applied 11:064069 (Elicit record) · paper
src-co2hp-hotel2024Reddy et al. (2024) CO₂ heat pump integrated thermal storage for domestic hot water in hotels, J. Building Eng. (Scholar snippet) · paper
src-co2hp-cold2025Comprehensive performance and economic analyses of transcritical CO₂ heat pump water heater suitable for cold regions (2025) Energies 18:3070 (Elicit record; page returned 403) · paper
src-pcmhp2019Performance of heat pump integrated phase change material thermal storage for electric load shifting (2019) Energy and Buildings, 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.02.026 (Elicit record) · paper
src-arctic2019Renewable energy integration in diesel-based microgrids at the Canadian Arctic (2019) Proc. IEEE, 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2932743 (Elicit record) · paper
src-showa2020Study of a clean microgrid for the Japanese Antarctica Showa Base (2020) E3S Web Conf. 160:01001 (Elicit record) · paper
src-borowy1996Borowy & Salameh (1996) Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system, IEEE Trans. Energy Conv. (Elicit record, 1035 citations) · paper
src-sizing-review2019A review on recent sizing methodologies of hybrid renewable energy systems (2019) Energy Convers. Manag. 112027 (Elicit record) · paper
src-mobilesolarcontainerHighJoule mobilesolarcontainer.com product page (portfolio 10 kW-1 MW, 40–160 kWp; HJFoldSolar with foldable mounting frames) · company · read
src-iea-pvps2026IEA PVPS Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2026 (report page: ~698 GW new PV in 2025; cumulative nearly 3 TW, up from 2.3 TW end-2024) · agency · read
src-pat-US10666185B2US10666185B2 Photovoltaic power apparatus for rapid deployment (PV array housed in standardized container) · patent
src-pat-US11489485B2US11489485B2 Foldable solar power system · patent
src-pat-US12375026B2US12375026B2 Mount for vertical photovoltaic modules (dual-use agrivoltaic) · patent
src-pat-US12111078B2US12111078B2 Heating system with thermal battery loop · patent
src-pat-JP7823213B2JP7823213B2 Carnot battery and energy storage system (electric heat to hot air to high-temperature store) · patent
src-yt-pneYouTube: Polar Night Energy — What is a Sand Battery? (company explainer) · video
src-yt-krustyYouTube: Kilopower successfully demonstrated at the NNSS · video
src-yt-solarcontainerYouTube: Largest portable Solarcontainer in the world (140 kWp) · video
src-yt-tenfoldYouTube: TenFold — Self-Deploying Solar Panel · video
src-yt-formYouTube: Form Energy's Virtual Lab Tour · video
src-v3-conceptAnyground ORIJO v3 concept.json (internal; M08 IRORI spine, DENCHI-B, HATA-4, BYOBU-PV, MIURA-W) · company · read
src-lazard2025-pdfLazard (June 2025) Levelized Cost of Energy+ (LCOE+), Levelized Cost of Storage Version 10.0, p.19 'LCOS Comparison ($/MWh)' · company · read
src-nicolello-essNicolello (WSAFC, c. 2018) Fire Safety for New Battery Technologies (slides; 2018 IFC thresholds and 2018 IRC RB171–16 battery rules; PDF text read) · presentation · read
src-nfpa855-snippetCentral Hudson (3 Mar 2020) Energy Storage Testing, Codes and Standards — NFPA 855 (2020) dwelling limits 40 kWh utility closets / 80 kWh garages and outdoors (search snippet only, not read) · snippet

Energy. Fold-out PV, heat-first storage and a DC spine whose voltage itself enforces survival priorities.

How the energy layer works, option by option.

Generation (fold-out PV first, site bonuses second)

Fold-out rigid PV wings / container arrays

Vertical bifacial E-W fence (BYOBU-PV)

Elevated agrivoltaic canopy

Small wind (HAWT on KRES-7 mast)

Space fission (Kilopower / FSP)

Electrochemical storage (daily and keep-alive)

LFP stationary pack (48 V)

Sodium-ion pack

Iron-air (multi-day)

Thermal storage and heat pumps (bank surplus as heat)

CO₂ heat-pump water tank (default heat bank)

Sand / soapstone high-temperature store

Industrial brick heat battery

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) and sky radiators

PCM buffer on heat pump

Long-duration and seasonal storage

PV-electrolyser-H2-fuel-cell house

Iron-oxide hydrogen store

Oversize PV + curtail

DC spine and power electronics

48–60 V DC house spine (v3 M08)

380 V / 350 V building DC (Current/OS, EMerge)

Lunar HV DC transmission

Energy management, forecasting and digital twin

Economic MPC over battery + heat-pump tank + loads

RL-tuned controller

Voltage-droop priority ladder (hardware fallback)

Off-grid sizing method

Hourly LOLP simulation (chronological)

Autonomy-days rule of thumb

Who has tried this, and what happened.

Failures, read for lessons

Plenty (Chapter 11 March 2025, equity cancelled; emerged May 2025 as a smaller strawberry grower), Bowery (ceased operations Nov 2024, ABC process), Jones Food Company (administration April 2025)

Natron Energy sodium-ion (ceased operations Sept 2025)

Ambri liquid-metal battery (Chapter 11 May 2024; emerged Aug 2024 under lender ownership)

Elevated agrivoltaics over wheat (Belgium 2022–2023)

Small wind performance gaps (Scoraig trials, many urban rooftops)

Diesel-dependent polar stations (Showa, Canadian Arctic communities)

Seasonal hydrogen in homes

The science underneath, 28 papers.

Every number, with its basis.

From manual to Earth-independent, in human minutes.

What crosses to the other layers.

The recommended stack and what we would build next.

HIKARI-DOKI (photoperiod-to-sun scheduler)

DENATSU-ROPE (voltage-rope priority ladder)

IRORI-KURA tank (heat-pump heat bank with reject-heat cascade)

BYOBU-MAKI (fence-wing pair)

Sizing reference

home 4p

hotel 6key

farm module

What is not solved yet.

Checked adversarially.

Certification route

UL 9540 / UL 9540A, IFC and IRC battery provisions, NFPA 855

80 sources, linked.